Child and Adolescent Cultural-Social Research

Abstract The purpose of the current research is to investigate the understanding, causes, strategies and consequences of children trained in life skills in the face of the Covid-19 epidemic. The present study was conducted using a qualitative method. In order to analyze the data and present a theory based on the data, the grounded theory method was used. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. The sampling method of the research was based on theoretical sampling and the interviews continued until reaching theoretical saturation, and a total of 12 children with life skills training were interviewed. The participants in the research were selected from among the 10- to 12-year-old male students of the non-profit school in Karaj city, in the second grade of elementary education (fourth, fifth, and sixth grades). According to the concepts and categories deduced from the findings of the research, it can be stated that these children have a real and objective understanding of this phenomenon during the epidemic of Covid-19. By adopting active, adaptive and adaptive strategies, they have been able to bear part of the obstacles and problems arising from this virus.

Abstract Today, migration has become a common phenomenon in the world and all countries are somehow engaged with this phenomenon. Iran, also, is not an exception to this condition and has been accepting Afghan immigrants for many years. Due to the fact that several decades have passed since immigrants entered the country, today the discussion is about the issues of the next generations of these immigrants and the dangers of their progress. Afghan children who are forced to live in Iran and especially in Tehran due to the circumstances of their parents are the socio-statistics of this research. According to the cultural, social and economic conditions of the families, these children have special conditions and face many fears and dangers. This research has been conducted using the systematic grounded theory method (SY-GTM) and the data of this research has been collected through semi-structured interviews with 18 children aged 8 to 13 years who were selected by purposive sampling. The findings of the research indicate that the core category in this research is life in the context of risk, which is with 14 main categories in the form of causal conditions (lack of protective laws and lack of proper education), background conditions (illegal immigration, lack of absorption in the destination society and individual characteristics), Intervening conditions (family disorder, neighborhood disorder and inappropriate neighbors), strategies (fear, use of violence, intolerance, lack of belonging to the neighborhood and dreaming to deal with fear), and consequence (feeling of insecurity) of the paradigm model are presented for its analysis.

Abstract The aim of this article is to study welfare institutions related to labor children. Children as the most important element of any society need legal and institutional protection. The research method is content analysis. the data has been collected through interviews with experts related to the field of child labor. The results show that welfare institutions related to child labor can be divided into Governmental, public, third sector, international and natural welfare institutions. Finally, these welfare institutions face with challenges such as Weakness and non-cooperation of ministries and institutions, Negative effects of collection projects, Existence of imperfect pilot projects, lack of sufficient equipment, using of coercive power, Lack of feeling of security, children, absence of aS national authority, etc.

Abstract In the present article, the story of "A tiger who came to tea" (1968), written by Judith Kerr and the film " Nan va Kooche " made by Abbas Kiarostami (1969) have been compared from the perspective of "other" studies. In addition to the closeness of time, the theme of both works is also similar. This similarity allows the researcher to make comparisons and comparative studies. The subject of both works is how the child faces the unexpected . In Judith Kerr's story, the unexpected is a tiger that Sophie opens the door for him. The subject of Kiarostami's film is also the encounter of a boy in the story with the unexpected. In his non-dialogue short film, the unexpected is a dog that the child suddenly encounters. The subject of this article is to examine how to express the message of the film and the story, as well as the imagination of the creators of the story and the film on how to face the unexpected. In this article, from the perspective of the relationship between "self" and "other", the unexpected represented in the film and the story has been discussed. The results show that the position of the story against the unexpected; It has been idealistic, moral, empathetic and pleasant, but the position of the film; It has been confrontational, descriptive, dark and distant.

Abstract Due to the lack or absence of scientific studies about children's interaction with the media and the lack of scientific solutions to increase children's ability to understand and shape this relationship, there is inadequate knowledge in this area. Most of studies focused on children's age groups and put a strong emphasis on the lack of benefits in Media-child relationship. Specifically, the type and the way that children interact with new media are not clear, and there is no knowledge about why and for what purposes children turn to using a smartphone. Covid-19 pandemic increased new media usage by children and make it as a necessary tool for education, entertainment and communication. Although, human could overcome it, in the contemporary risk society, appearance of such condition is possible, again. So, it is important and necessary to identify and understand how children interact with smartphones. Our objective is to understand how 9-11 year old children experience their communication with smartphones. The methodological approach is qualitative research and we use semi-structured interview method far gathering data which has been analyzed by thematic analysis based on the theory of use and gratification. Children use smartphones for different goals and various motivations excite them to interact with their phones based on our findings. Also, the more interaction with smartphones, the better skills to manage media usage.

Abstract The cultural events of Qajar historical period in Iran are intermingled with the art of photography. The remaining photographs, from this Qajar period, are a narrative of the life of Iranians in that period of history. In these photos, mostly adults are depicted; But sometimes the image of children has been recorded as the subject of photography. The main question in these remaining photos is, what components were influential in the beauty of children's self-decoration in the photos of the Qajar era? In this study, with a qualitative method and using the analytical-descriptive method and benefiting from the theories of native aesthetics, more than 154 pieces of photos from the collection of photos of the book have been examined. The findings indicate that the native aesthetics of children's self-decoration in photos is influenced by the changes in the structure of Iranian society during the Qajar era, and the "desired body shape of the era" is related to the two components of traditional and modern beauty, children are rarely showing their true states, meaning "I am free". According to power and wealth, they try to display their distinctions with pride towards other society and adapt themselves to the advanced idealism of the "Western other", but the look and body shape of children in front of the camera as a government tool or alien. It indicates that they are worried about their judgment and children were like small adults in decorating and living.