پژوهشنامه فرهنگی و اجتماعی کودک و نوجوان

پژوهشنامه فرهنگی و اجتماعی کودک و نوجوان

نقاشی به مثابه آیینه آرزوها: تحلیل تفاوت‌ آرزوهای کودکان در بستر نابرابری‌های اجتماعی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 دانشیار گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد (نویسنده مسئول) fouladiyan@um.ac.ir
2 دانشجوی دکتری روانشناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد بیرجند Somaiieshirazi@gmail.com
چکیده
پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی تفاوت آرزوهای کودکان در مناطق برخوردار و کم‌برخوردار شهر مشهد، براساس تحلیل نقاشی‌های آنان انجام شده است. در این مطالعه که بر روی 849 دانش‌آموز پسر و دختر بین سنین هفت تا دوازده سال صورت گرفت، نقاشی‌های کودکان به‌عنوان ابزاری برای شناسایی و تحلیل آرزوهای مادی، معنوی، شغلی و خیالی استفاده می‌شود. نتایج نشان داد که آرزوهای مادی کودکان مناطق کم‌برخوردار عمدتاً شامل نیازهای اولیه و اساسی است، درحالی‌که کودکان مناطق برخوردار آرزوهایی بلندپروازانه‌تر و پیچیده‌تری دارند. همچنین، آرزوهای معنوی در کودکان کم‌برخوردار فراوانی بیشتری داشته و مرتبط با شرایط اجتماعی و اقتصادی خانواده‌هایشان است. در مقابل، آرزوهای شغلی سطح بالا و آرزوهای خیالی عمدتاً در میان کودکان مناطق برخوردار مشاهده شد. یافته‌ها حاکی از تأثیر مستقیم نابرابری‌های اجتماعی - اقتصادی بر شکل‌گیری آرزوهای کودکان است. این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که نقاشی کودکان می‌تواند به‌عنوان ابزاری قدرتمند برای درک عمیق‌تر از تأثیرات محیط اجتماعی بر انتظارات و آرزوهای آنان استفاده شود.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Drawing as a Mirror of Aspirations: Analyzing the Differences in Children's Aspirations within the Context of Social Inequalities

نویسندگان English

majid fouladiyan 1
Somaiie shirazi 2
1 Associate Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (corresponding author) fouladiyan@um.ac.ir
2 PhD student in psychology, Islamic Azad University, Birjand branch Somaiieshirazi@gmail.com
چکیده English

Abstract
Objective: Aspirations, as the motivations and future goals of individuals, play a vital role in shaping behavior and fostering progress. Aspirations can either be intrinsic, stemming from personal needs, or shaped by cultural and social factors. Since aspirations begin to form during childhood and are influenced by one's awareness of abilities and opportunities, social class and economic status have been recognized as crucial factors in determining the level of aspirations. Research indicates that higher social classes nurture higher-level aspirations in their children, highlighting the significant impact of social inequalities on the development of children's aspirations. These disparities act as a determinant of the fundamental differences in their goals and expectations. One effective and multidimensional approach to understanding children's aspirations is the analysis of their drawings. Drawing, as a non-verbal expressive tool, reflects children's social and cultural environments and conveys what they cannot articulate verbally. This study aimed to explore the differences in the aspirations of children from advantaged and disadvantaged areas in the city of Mashhad through the analysis of their drawings.
The research was conducted on 849 elementary school students (boys and girls) aged 7 to 12 years, and their drawings were analyzed across both social classes to examine the influence of social and economic inequalities on the nature and type of children's aspirations. Children's drawings were used as a means to identify and analyze their material, spiritual, occupational, and imaginary aspirations. Given the significance of the subject and the profound effects of social inequality on the formation of children's aspirations, this study sought to answer four key questions:

Are there significant differences in material aspirations between children of upper and lower social classes?
Are there significant differences in spiritual aspirations between children of upper and lower social classes?
Are there significant differences in occupational aspirations between children of upper and lower social classes?
Are there significant differences in imaginary aspirations between children of upper and lower social classes?

To address these questions, the study employed a causal-comparative approach, using children's drawings as a multidisciplinary tool to uncover and analyze their aspirations. The matching method was used to control confounding variables. Two variables, school grade and gender, were considered for matching the comparison groups to minimize differences caused by these factors. This method ensures that observed differences in aspirations are attributable solely to social class while controlling for other influencing factors.
Results: The findings revealed that high-level material aspirations (e.g., palaces and luxury cars) represent the upper-class children's perspective on material and social resources, while low-level material aspirations (e.g., food and housing rent) in lower-class children reflect the impact of economic hardships on their aspirations. These differences highlight unequal access to resources and distinct life perspectives between the two groups. Lower-class children's greater focus on spiritual aspirations reflects social inequalities, steering them toward altruistic and spiritual goals. They appear to view spirituality as a means to escape daily challenges and attain inner peace. Differences in occupational aspirations between upper- and lower-class children underscore the critical role of access to education and cultural resources in shaping career goals. Upper-class children, exposed to more complex and ambitious occupations, naturally gravitate toward such aspirations. In contrast, lower-class children facing economic challenges opt for more attainable occupations. The findings also show that imaginary aspirations exist solely among upper-class children, as lower-class children shape their aspirations based on tangible, everyday realities. The absence of imaginary aspirations in lower-class children may indicate cognitive and mental limitations caused by harsh social and economic conditions. Conversely, upper-class children, with greater access to media and imaginative entertainment, engage more with imaginary aspirations. These differences underline the influence of economic status on the ability and inclination to imagine and escape reality.
Conclusions: This study, which analyzed children's drawings to investigate differences in aspirations across upper and lower social classes, demonstrated that social and economic inequalities have a direct and significant impact on the formation of children's aspirations. Children's aspirations differ not only in level and type but also in content and quality between these two social groups. The findings align well with several theories, including Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Hyman's reference group theory, the achievement motivation theory, and Bandura's observational learning theory. These theories explicitly explain the social and economic influences on the development of aspirations, showing how social inequalities alter the level, type, and content of children's aspirations. Furthermore, the results are consistent with previous research on the impact of social and economic disparities on children's aspirations. This study lies at the intersection of developmental psychology, the sociology of childhood, and social inequality studies, adopting an interdisciplinary approach to explore various dimensions of children's aspirations in diverse societies.
Keywords:
Painting Analysis, Children's Aspirations, Social Inequality.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Keywords: Painting Analysis
Children's Aspirations
Social Inequality
منابع و مآخذ
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Cochran, J. K., Maskaly, J., Jones, S., & Sellers, C. S. (2017). Using structural equations to model Akers’ social learning theory with data on intimate partner violence. Crime & Delinquency, 63(1), 39-60.
 
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Hatami Beldaji, Zahra (2015). The mutual effect of children's and adults' painting. Master's thesis. Faculty of Art and Architecture, Painting Department. Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran branch [In Persian]
 
Heath, G., Screti, C., Pattison, H., & Knibb, R. (2021). Understanding the impact of ‘wish-granting’interventions on the health and well-being of children with life-threatening health conditions and their families: A systematic review. Journal of Child Health Care, 13674935211016712. 
 
.
 
Leavy & Smith MacBrayne, P. (1987). Educational and Occupational Aspirations of Rural Youth: A review of the Literature. Research in rural Educatinal, 4(3), 135-141.
 
Leonard, Raisman; Marianoff, Anguita (2004). Sociology of classes and classical-modern social inequalities. Translated by Mohammad Qolipour (2013). Mashhad: Marandiz, Avay Kalk [In Persian]
 
Marini, M. M., & Greenberger, E. (1978). Sex Differences in Educational Aspirations and Expectations. American Educational Research Journal, Vol,15(1), 67-79.
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Mirspahund, Farshad (2016). Investigating the status of social inequality among students admitted to the center of brilliant talents in Khorram Abad city. Master's thesis. Field of cultural studies. Faculty of Humanities. Department of Social Sciences. [In Persian]
 
Mohammadi, Nasrin (2012). Examining the concerns and demands of pre-university students in Andimshek city. Senior thesis. Shiraz Branch Azad University. [In Persian]
 
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منابع و مآخذ
آراسته خو، احمد(1381). نقد و نگرش بر فرهنگ اصطلاحات علمی- اجتماعی. تهران: چاپخش.
 
 بختیاری، سارا(1397). تحلیل نقاشی کودکان خانواده‌های سالم و ناسالم براساس مدل بافت‌نگر فرایند و محتوای خانواده. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد. دانشکدۀ علومتربیتی و روانشناسی. دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد مرودشت.
 
ثنایی، باقر(1391). نظریه یادگیری اجتماعی. پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی. پرتال جامع علوم انسانی.
 
حاتمی بلداجی، زهرا(1395). تأثیر متقابل نقاشی کودکان و بزرگسالان. پایان
 
دلاور، علی(1395). روش تحقیق در روانشناسی و علومتربیتی. تهران: ویرایش.
 
رضادوست، کریم؛ حسین زاده، علی حسین؛ مصطفایی دولت آباد، حلیمه (1390). بررسی جامعه
 
 
سمیعی، فاطمه(1391). شناسایی سیر تحول، موانع ﺩﺭﻙ‌ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺁﺭﺯﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻐﻠﻲ ﻛﻮﺩﻛﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺟﻮﺍﻧﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ. پایان‌نامه دکتری. دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، 4-16.
 
سمیعی، فاطمه؛ باغبان، ایران؛ عابدی، محمدرضا و صادقیان، علیرضا (1394). بررسی فرایند شناختی تحول آرزوهای شغلی در کودکان. فصلنامه علمی-پژوهشی شناخت اجتماعی، 1(2)، 69-80.
 
محمدی، ﻧﺴﺮﯾﻦ(1381). بررسی نگرانی‌ها و آرزوﻫﺎی داﻧﺶ‌آﻣﻮزان دورۀ ﭘﯿﺶ داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن اﻧﺪﯾﻤﺸﮏ. ﭘﺎﯾﺎن‌ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ارﺷﺪ. داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد واحد شیراز.
 
ل‍ئ‍ون‍ارد، ری‍زم‍ن‌، م‍اری‍ان‍واف،‌ ان‍گ‍وی‍ت‍ا (2004). ج‍ام‍ع‍ه‌ش‍ن‍اس‍ی ق‍ش‍ره‍ا و ن‍اب‍راب‍ری‌ه‍ای اج‍ت‍م‍اع‍ی کلاسیک- مدرن. ترجمۀ م‍ح‍م‍د ق‍ل‍ی‌پ‍ور. مشهد: مرندیز، آوای کلک.‏‫‏
 
 میرسپهوند، فرشاد(1396). بررسی وضعیت نابرابری اجتماعی در میان دانش‌آموزان راه‌یافته به مرکز استعدادهای درخشان شهر خرم آباد. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد. دانشکده علوم انسانی.
 عزیزی، مریم(1392). شاخصه‌های اخلاقی گروه مرجع. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد. دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی. مرکز تهران جنوب.
 
 مندمی، شیما(1391). رابطۀ ابعاد عزت نفس، آرزوها و انتظارات دانش‌آموزان معلول جسمی. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد. دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان شناسی. دانشگاه شیراز، 37-39
Araste Kho, Ahmed (2012). Criticism and attitude on the culture of social-scientific terms. Tehran: Chapakhsh Publications [In Persian]
 
 Azizi, Maryam (2012). Moral characteristics of the reference group. Master's thesis. The field of Islamic ethics. Faculty of Literature and Humanities. Center of South Tehran. [In Persian]
 
Bakhtiari, Sara (2017). Analysis of children's drawings of healthy and unhealthy families based on the contextual model of the process and content of the family. Master's thesis. Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology. Department of Clinical Psychology. Islamic Azad University, Marv Dasht branch  [In Persian]
 
Beghetto, R. A., & Dilley, A. E. (2016). Creative aspirations or pipe dreams? Toward understanding creative mortification in children and adolescents. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2016(151), 85-95.
 
Cochran, J. K., Maskaly, J., Jones, S., & Sellers, C. S. (2017). Using structural equations to model Akers’ social learning theory with data on intimate partner violence. Crime & Delinquency, 63(1), 39-60.
 
Delaware, Ali. (2015). Research method in psychology and educational sciences. Fourth edition. Tehran: Eshar Ed. [In Persian]
 
Furlong, A. & Biggart, A. (1999). Framing choices: a longitudinal study of occupational aspirations among 13- to 16-year-olds. Journal of Education and Work, 12 (1), 21-35.  
 
Greenhaus, J. H., & Callanan, G. A. (2006). Encyclopedia of Career Development. USA: SAGE Publication, Inc. 
                                                    
 Gutman, L. M & Akerman, R. (2008). Determinants of aspirations. Centre for Research on the Wider Benefits of Learning Institute of Education, 20 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AL. Research Report 27 Institute of Education.   
 
Hatami Beldaji, Zahra (2015). The mutual effect of children's and adults' painting. Master's thesis. Faculty of Art and Architecture, Painting Department. Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran branch [In Persian]
 
Heath, G., Screti, C., Pattison, H., & Knibb, R. (2021). Understanding the impact of ‘wish-granting’interventions on the health and well-being of children with life-threatening health conditions and their families: A systematic review. Journal of Child Health Care, 13674935211016712. 
 
.
 
Leavy & Smith MacBrayne, P. (1987). Educational and Occupational Aspirations of Rural Youth: A review of the Literature. Research in rural Educatinal, 4(3), 135-141.
 
Leonard, Raisman; Marianoff, Anguita (2004). Sociology of classes and classical-modern social inequalities. Translated by Mohammad Qolipour (2013). Mashhad: Marandiz, Avay Kalk [In Persian]
 
Marini, M. M., & Greenberger, E. (1978). Sex Differences in Educational Aspirations and Expectations. American Educational Research Journal, Vol,15(1), 67-79.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1162688
 
Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper and Row.
 
McBryan, P. (1987). Educational and Occupational Aspirations of Rural Youth: A review of the Literature. Research in Rural Education, 4(3), 135-141.
https://jrre.psu.edu/sites/default/files/2019-07/4-3_6.pdf
 
Mendami, Shima (2013). The relationship between the dimensions of self-esteem, aspirations and expectations of physically disabled students. Master's thesis. Department of psychology and education of exceptional children. Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology. Shiraz University, 37-39. [In Persian]
 
Mirspahund, Farshad (2016). Investigating the status of social inequality among students admitted to the center of brilliant talents in Khorram Abad city. Master's thesis. Field of cultural studies. Faculty of Humanities. Department of Social Sciences. [In Persian]
 
Mohammadi, Nasrin (2012). Examining the concerns and demands of pre-university students in Andimshek city. Senior thesis. Shiraz Branch Azad University. [In Persian]
 
Picou, S., & Carter, M. (1974). Residence and the dynamics of status attainment as related to aspiration formation. Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Rural Sociological Society (Montreal, Canada, August1974), 0002-0036.
 
Quaglia, R. J., & Cobb, C. D. (1996).
https://quagliainstitute.org/uploads/legacy/TowardaTheoryofSA.pdf
 
Rezadoost, Karim; Hosseinzadeh, Ali Hossein; Mustafa Daulatabad, Halimah (2018). Sociological investigation of some factors affecting religiosity (study: students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz) [In Persian]
 
 
Samii, Fatemeh (2011). Identifying the course of development, perceived obstacles and factors affecting the occupational aspirations of children and youths in Isfahan city. PhD thesis. Career counseling field. Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology. Consulting Department of Isfahan University, 16-4. [In Persian]
 
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Sanai, Baqir (2013). Social learning theory. Research Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies. Comprehensive humanities portal [In Persian]
 
Schoon, I., Martin, P. and Ross, A. (2007). Career transitions in times of social change: His and her story. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70, 78-96.
 
 Sherwood, R. (1989). A Conceptual framework for the study of aspirations. Research in Rural Education, 6(2): 61-66.
 
 
 
.
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https://www.stangl-taller.at/PSYCHOLOGIE/Personality.pdf